Industrial Temperature Sensors for IoT Applications

An industrial temperature sensor measures the temperature of a medium or surface and converts it into an electrical signal. Resistance thermometers such as PT100 and PT1000, thermocouples and non-contact pyrometers are common in industry. In the IoT stack, they supply process and condition data, for example for quality assurance, energy monitoring and condition monitoring.

  • Co-Founder & CTO/CPO, Greenlyte Carbon Technologies
  • Magna Exteriors (Meerane) GmbH, Manager Automation, Magna
  • Salzgitter Flachstahl

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Temperature sensors in practice

3 manufacturers from our partner network with 41 solution examples. Those with the most documented use in this category come first.

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Measuring principles: RTD, thermocouple, pyrometer

Resistance temperature detectors, or RTDs, use the fact that the electrical resistance of platinum changes almost linearly with temperature. A PT100 has exactly 100 ohms at 0 °C, a PT1000 exactly 1,000 ohms. The curve and accuracy classes are defined in IEC 60751. RTDs are precise, stable over the long term and cover typical process temperatures. Thermocouples join two dissimilar metals and, through the Seebeck effect, generate a small voltage that depends on the temperature difference between the measuring junction and the reference junction. They are rugged, respond quickly and suit high temperatures; types such as K or J are standardized in IEC 60584. Pyrometers measure the thermal radiation of a surface without contact, for example on moving or very hot parts.

From sensing element to data point

The sensing element itself supplies a resistance or a thermoelectric voltage. A temperature transmitter converts this raw signal into a standard signal such as 4–20 mA or into a digital signal. It sits in the connection head, on a DIN rail or is integrated directly into a compact sensor. Compact temperature sensors with IO-Link transmit the measured value, diagnostics and parameters digitally and make a separate analog card unnecessary. Temperature switches are a separate device type: they only switch when a limit is reached.

What matters when selecting an industrial temperature sensor

Key factors are the measuring range, accuracy class and response time, the insertion length and a suitable thermowell for pressure and flow. For RTDs, the wiring determines accuracy: a 3-wire or 4-wire connection compensates for lead resistance. Food and pharmaceutical applications add hygienic process connections, hazardous areas require explosion protection approvals. Manufacturers such as WIKA and Endress+Hauser offer temperature sensors and transmitters with IO-Link or wireless connectivity. In solution examples, they monitor cold chains, motor bearing temperatures or temperature profiles in furnaces and reactors. Combined with pressure, flow or vibration data, temperature values help identify the causes of deviations faster.

Frequently asked questions about industrial temperature sensors

PT100 vs PT1000: what is the difference?

Both are platinum resistance thermometers: the PT100 has 100 ohms at 0 °C, the PT1000 has 1,000 ohms. The higher base resistance of the PT1000 makes it less sensitive to the resistance of long leads, so a 2-wire connection is often sufficient. The PT100 is more common in the process industry and usually runs with a 3-wire or 4-wire connection. Accuracy depends on the class, not the type.

RTD vs thermocouple: which one should be used?

An RTD is the better choice for precise, stable measurements at typical process temperatures. A thermocouple is preferred for very high temperatures, fast changes or harsh mechanical conditions. RTDs offer higher accuracy and less drift, thermocouples are more robust and cover a wider range. Many plants use both: RTDs for product quality, thermocouples for furnaces, exhaust gas and hot zones.

What is a type K thermocouple used for?

A type K thermocouple pairs a nickel-chromium and a nickel-aluminum alloy and handles high temperatures up to well over 1,000 °C. It is rugged, inexpensive and responds quickly, which is why it is widely used in furnaces, exhaust systems, plastics machinery and heat treatment. Compared with a PT100, it is less accurate and drifts more. Type K is standardized in IEC 60584.

What is a 3-wire RTD?

A 3-wire RTD uses a third lead to compensate for the resistance of the connecting cable. The transmitter measures the lead resistance separately and subtracts it from the result. This is the standard connection for PT100 sensors in industry because it offers good accuracy at moderate cost. For the highest precision, a 4-wire connection eliminates lead resistance almost entirely.

What does a temperature transmitter do?

A temperature transmitter converts the raw signal of an RTD or thermocouple into an interference-resistant standard signal such as 4–20 mA or into a digital signal. It linearizes the value, provides cold junction compensation for thermocouples and reports sensor breaks. Modern transmitters also communicate via HART or IO-Link, making temperature data directly usable for IoT platforms.

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